Furio Ruggiero, envLab, Italy
E-voting in polarized contexts requires a strict balance between public verifiability, ballot secrecy, and coercion resistance. Traditional centralized systems lack transparency, while fully decentralized models face scalability and privacy issues. This paper proposes a hybrid architecture compliant with OSCE/ODIHR standards [1] for low-trust environments. The protocol decouples identity from voting an off-chain Oracle manages authorization via cryptographic tokens, while the Waves DLT acts as an immutable bulletinboard.Utilizinghomomorphicencryption[2],Zero-KnowledgeRangeProofs(ZKRP) [3], and Distributed Key Generation (DKG) [4], the system ensures End-to-End Verifiability (E2E) by delegating tallying to auditable scripts. Finally, the study examines model limitations, specifically regarding endpoint vulnerabilities and physical constraints on coercion resistance.
E-Voting, Distributed Ledger Technology, Homomorphic Encryption, End-to-End Verifiability, ZeroKnowledge Proofs
